To continue on Chernobyl, by analyzing some mode of operation of a nuclear power plant, it is clear that it is most likely a sabotage.
A nuclear reactor is something very simple in principle and operation. it is never that of a metal rod that heats itself and is used to heat water and then run an electric turbine.
The only problem that can happen is that the tools used to control the nuclear reaction will fail, because in this case, there will be an explosion of steam, then water will hydrolyze (hydrogen separates the oxygen and then it may explode), and finally begins to melt uranium. To avoid this, there are two methods: 1) cool bars and moderate the nuclear reaction with a flow of water (hydrogen from water captures the neutrons that drive the nuclear reaction), 2) insert bars moderation (made of boron, but with pieces of graphite at Chernobyl) between the bar of uranium, to reduce the nuclear reaction (again by capturing the neutrons).
So the main problem is either to provide enough water so that the bars do not melt (water to be cooled the secondary circuit) is to stop the reaction with the boron rods. So it's a very simple problem. To control the flow of water, has several pumps (at least 8 to Chernobyl). In France, a pump alone is sufficient to ensure the cooling of the uranium. I do not know what it is exactly for these plants in Russia. But I think it should be roughly the same. We can count on a maximum order of two pumps for cooling the heart. And in addition, these pumps are usually aided by emergency pumps.
1) The official version
What is in front for Chernobyl is that the situation was not usual. Taking advantage of a scheduled shutdown of Unit 4 reactor, for routine maintenance, we wanted to determine whether, in case of loss of main power, the turbine idling could provide enough electricity to run emergency equipment and pumps for circulating water for cooling the core, until the emergency diesel generators can produce. This test was designed to determine whether the core cooling could continue to be insured in case of power loss. So, we say that these are decisions during this experiment were the cause of the disaster. Decisions which have been catastrophic as to cause some design flaws of the plant.
In fact, there have been several minor incidents that day (resulting in each time, before the final error leading to the disaster, a xenon poisoning of the heart). But it was around 1:23 that was located in a major incident that triggered the disaster. This is where the problem lies.
The official, prior to the implementation of the experiment, we removed all restraint bar, which was obliged to compensate for cooling uranium from the heart, put all the pumps at the bottom. Then, during the implementation of the experiment, at 1:23, at once, since the electric turbine has been slowed, 4 (those who were moved by the energy supplied by the turbine of the plant) of the 8 pumps were in turn slowed. It has increased the heat in the primary circuit, resulting in an unstable state of the reactor by increasing the amount of steam in the latter. To overcome this problem, a technician pressed the emergency stop button.
is presented as the error that started it all. All control rods are lowered into same time. But the problem is that the end of the control rods is made of graphite. However, very little graphite moderated nuclear reaction. And the control rods in question were the failure to descend rather slowly (20 seconds, 2 seconds cons in central western). So that during those few seconds, moderation is no longer (since there is more water to moderate the reaction, because instead, there is the bar graph and the boron rods are not yet in place). Therefore, the nuclear reaction was completely packed and was multiplied by 100 In seconds, reaching 300,000 MW. So, a large portion of the water turned into steam in seconds, causing an explosion. Then, under the influence of heat, steam was hydrolyzed, ie the hydrogen separated from oxygen. Finally, hydrogen, in contact with graphite overheated exploded, dispersing into the atmosphere a part of the radioactive fuel.
2) The problems with the official version
This version of things is fairly clean and logical. But if you scratch the surface of this varnish, one realizes that this is far from true.
Several questions arise:
1) How is the slowdown of 4 pumps caused an unstable state? What kind was it? Is having only 4 pumps running at full speed and 4 pumps weaker regime was insufficient to moderate and cool the heart with the bars removed moderation?
2) If this is so, why such a state was not expected? Yet it was perfectly predictable. It was not unusual to include such a thing. However, such a blunder was impossible, given the presence of many engineers and given the presence of more than likely a software expert warning of danger.
3) Why have lowered the control rods rather than having increased the power of the remaining pumps? Especially given the problem pieces of graphite control rods (known problem that Russian engineers). And if the problem was to get all the bars at the same time (known issue, so), why not have them down one after the other?
4) Why the downhill bars moderation he has not engendered the same kind of problem in power plants similar? Indeed, what seems to be a problem, not so much heat from the water, but the slow descent of graphite rod. If it passes the reactor for a few seconds to 300,000 MW, or 100 times the normal maximum, no matter how hot the water will be vaporized instantly.
What we actually said is that we put the reactor in a state where it was mandatory to run down all the bars in moderation, then, to stop the heart. Yeah, because if the lifting control rods required to put all the pumps at the bottom to avoid an accident, since we knew that stopping the turbine generator would slow to 4 pumps connected with its operation, remained only solution, lowering the bar for moderation.
From there, two possibilities. 1) is the increase in temperature of the water does not require the lowering of all the bars in moderation, and therefore did not require the shutdown of reactor. And in this case, one wonders why the operator has completed the shutdown of reactor. And we also wondered why there was explosion, since, as the water temperature does not require the shutdown of the reactor, it should not be hot enough to vaporize and cause the accident. Otherwise, it would have happened before in other central of this type or 2) it required the complete shutdown of the reactor (which was really not the purpose of the experiment). And in this case, one wonders why it took the reactor in this state, since it was perfectly predictable.
Obviously, if we could increase the flow instead of pumps to lower the control rods, one wonders why it has not been done.
We may also wonder why they did not anticipate that the slowdown of the pumps would occur and cause an unstable state. And why, then, they have not dropped a few control rods when they stopped the turbine, or why they did not increase the flow of remaining pumps (if possible, of course).
And before that, shortly before the establishment of the experiment, one might wonder why they did not come down rather few bars and had some moderation of pumps not operating at maximum, rather than riding all the bars and having all the pumps at most. It was a lot more sense. It would have allowed them, during the experiment, to have some leeway. Because they knew that some of the pumps was slow, it avoided a risk of overheating the water. Then we had time to start the generator relief to turn back the 4 pumps at the bottom. And at this point, we could trace all the control rods.
Moreover, one wonders how come there was no immediate replacement of the power of 4 pumps normally provided by the turbine of the plant, by the coming of emergency generators. This too should be expected. So they should not be surprised.
You might say that was the purpose of the experiment to determine what would happen in the event of loss of electrical power (due to the shutdown of the turbine generator) of certain elements vital for the plant. However, in this case, experience seems to experience the sorcerer's apprentice. It's like "we'll see how it feels if there is more energy to power pumps and backup systems. And if nothing happens before serious backup generators do start walking. " However, a priori, it is obvious that if we cut all that allows the plant to work properly, it will directly lead to a catastrophe. Or does the experience was not really that, but was to see if the emergency generator was working. In this case, he should have taken over immediately. And there was no downturn in 4 of 8 pumps.
And all this and more, ensuring that all cooling and calming the whole heart is provided by the pumps. We know that the pumps will reduce speed and we will not be able to accelerate before a few times. We know that they must be thoroughly to ensure proper cooling of the heart, and that any decrease could be a problem. But we did rest while cooling and calming the heart pumps. If we wanted to create an accident, you could not do better.
Moreover, France, cooling can be provided entirely by a single pump. So it seems very weird with 4 pumps still in full activity, and 4 pumps have only slowed, it has reached a critical situation.
In addition, the emergency stop may be used at other times. So that means that every time you press the button emergency stop while most of the control rod is withdrawn from the heart, you must obtain a Chernobyl-type accident.
All this is sewn white son. Whatever the situation possible, it is totally abnormal and led to think clearly about sabotage.
previous incidents in the day, causing an alleged contamination of the core Xenon, also lead to a finding of sabotage. There was there also no reason to get these incidents and therefore, the xenon poisoning. By cons, coincidentally, these incidents have served to justify the removal of several security measures that, thereafter, will be partly used to justify "the Accident" final. It
0:28, as the collapse of power of 500 MW to 30 MW has led to the deactivation of some automatic regulators to continue the experiment. So maybe we did it on purpose to have this power in order to collapse then override controls. Overriding controls that allow then to justify in part the "accident".
3) The liability transferred to the plant operators
Then, of course, as there was no reason that such a catastrophe happens, even if one party accuses the plant design, it puts the ultimate responsibility on the backs of the plant operators, who have taken the wrong decisions.
We do it based on an operator who would all of a sudden decided to get off the bars. But already he was not alone. So there would necessarily have been other operators who told him not to do so. And anyway, there's all that happened before, which makes the case for the incompetence of the operators very little credibility. And that makes it much more credible theory of sabotage voluntary.
That said, quickly, we operate a shift of analysis and is accused by the government is doing too which divides knowledge, which had put the plant manager by cronyism, that lack of means, technicians and engineers were poorly formed. In short, it is the fault not of chance, fate, the nature of things, etc. ... And there is no reason to make a very thorough investigation ... could hinder some people.
So we drown the fish.
4) A version likely, and those truly responsible
The version most likely is, therefore, that the Chernobyl disaster was due to sabotage. Incidents were created before the final catastrophe to remove automatic security measures. And the abolition of automatic security measures, added to the "error" of the technician who has lowered the bar all restraint at the same time then allowed to justify the disaster to the general public. On technicians, it is clear that a party should be part of the conspiracy.
As for the decision, it must come from the Russian government itself (and beyond, those who dominate global politics). The fact that the Government has made no investigation and did not mention the sabotage as a possible reason (while everything indicates that it is one) clearly indicates that the gun was his.
Why would the Russian government created this accident? Well, to give the final blow to the development of nuclear energy worldwide. These are not the Russians who specifically did it, but the clique that controls the government. And it worked. Nuclear power, which began to be strongly criticized, but whose supporters were still relatively strong, and whose public image was still fairly positive, has seen its development almost completely stopped in the world. There were Three Mile Island, which has already led to strong doubts about the safety of nuclear power, doubts relayed by environmental groups, Hollywood and the media. Chernobyl has come and deliver the coup de grace. It was the mega accident needed to kick off the development of nuclear power in the world. A bit like the attacks of September 11, 2001 were the pretext for the war in Iraq and the establishment totalitarian measures around the world (obviously attacks by the clique that runs the affairs of the world, not some poor Muslim terrorists armed with knives. But hey, given the number of sites on the subject, everyone knows that now. I did not come back).
Moreover, Gorbachev was the first sexton of Communist Russia, which has then under Yeltsin, the holdup of the oligarchs on the Russian economy. So things are all in the same direction. Gorbachev was an agent of those who dominate the political world. And to sabotage a nuclear plant to halt development of nuclear energy globally, for someone who was trying to liquidate the Soviet Russia was a really minor operation almost.
The fact that it was allowed to spread lies about the impact of the radioactive cloud of radioactivity in Europe shows that all European governments were in cahoots. Otherwise, it would have been easy to show how little impact it would result in, as I did in the previous section.
Finally, it is of course possible that none of this had to happen as not said officially, from near or far. After all, in the same kind, we know that there was no Boeing 757 flown by beginners who have flown 850 km / h at ground level, has completely engulfed in a window on the ground floor of the Pentagon, leaving only two or three pieces on the lawn before being completely annihilated by the flames, September 11, 2001. So, the outright lie is perfectly possible. Who knows if the uranium rods were not removed before the disaster, and we have not just blown the roof of the plant? Then, it was enough to show some pictures of the roof of the station with smoke escaping therefrom, a few films made by computer from the extension of the cloud in Europe, estimates peaks of radioactivity bidonnées, invented stories about the hundreds of thousands of workers took turns at the foot of the plant (that it might be true though. They did not need to lie specially above. But it can be as completely false). And since no one could check, and that in any way, such people would not have access to mass media, all this was as a letter in the mail. It is of course very possible that some plant operators who died shortly after the disaster, have been killed (by taking an overdose of drugs for example, or simply mixed with poison) so they do not speak. It was easy then to involve radioactivity as responsible for their deaths. Of course, this is only a hypothesis, but you never know.
A nuclear reactor is something very simple in principle and operation. it is never that of a metal rod that heats itself and is used to heat water and then run an electric turbine.
The only problem that can happen is that the tools used to control the nuclear reaction will fail, because in this case, there will be an explosion of steam, then water will hydrolyze (hydrogen separates the oxygen and then it may explode), and finally begins to melt uranium. To avoid this, there are two methods: 1) cool bars and moderate the nuclear reaction with a flow of water (hydrogen from water captures the neutrons that drive the nuclear reaction), 2) insert bars moderation (made of boron, but with pieces of graphite at Chernobyl) between the bar of uranium, to reduce the nuclear reaction (again by capturing the neutrons).
So the main problem is either to provide enough water so that the bars do not melt (water to be cooled the secondary circuit) is to stop the reaction with the boron rods. So it's a very simple problem. To control the flow of water, has several pumps (at least 8 to Chernobyl). In France, a pump alone is sufficient to ensure the cooling of the uranium. I do not know what it is exactly for these plants in Russia. But I think it should be roughly the same. We can count on a maximum order of two pumps for cooling the heart. And in addition, these pumps are usually aided by emergency pumps.
1) The official version
What is in front for Chernobyl is that the situation was not usual. Taking advantage of a scheduled shutdown of Unit 4 reactor, for routine maintenance, we wanted to determine whether, in case of loss of main power, the turbine idling could provide enough electricity to run emergency equipment and pumps for circulating water for cooling the core, until the emergency diesel generators can produce. This test was designed to determine whether the core cooling could continue to be insured in case of power loss. So, we say that these are decisions during this experiment were the cause of the disaster. Decisions which have been catastrophic as to cause some design flaws of the plant.
In fact, there have been several minor incidents that day (resulting in each time, before the final error leading to the disaster, a xenon poisoning of the heart). But it was around 1:23 that was located in a major incident that triggered the disaster. This is where the problem lies.
The official, prior to the implementation of the experiment, we removed all restraint bar, which was obliged to compensate for cooling uranium from the heart, put all the pumps at the bottom. Then, during the implementation of the experiment, at 1:23, at once, since the electric turbine has been slowed, 4 (those who were moved by the energy supplied by the turbine of the plant) of the 8 pumps were in turn slowed. It has increased the heat in the primary circuit, resulting in an unstable state of the reactor by increasing the amount of steam in the latter. To overcome this problem, a technician pressed the emergency stop button.
is presented as the error that started it all. All control rods are lowered into same time. But the problem is that the end of the control rods is made of graphite. However, very little graphite moderated nuclear reaction. And the control rods in question were the failure to descend rather slowly (20 seconds, 2 seconds cons in central western). So that during those few seconds, moderation is no longer (since there is more water to moderate the reaction, because instead, there is the bar graph and the boron rods are not yet in place). Therefore, the nuclear reaction was completely packed and was multiplied by 100 In seconds, reaching 300,000 MW. So, a large portion of the water turned into steam in seconds, causing an explosion. Then, under the influence of heat, steam was hydrolyzed, ie the hydrogen separated from oxygen. Finally, hydrogen, in contact with graphite overheated exploded, dispersing into the atmosphere a part of the radioactive fuel.
2) The problems with the official version
This version of things is fairly clean and logical. But if you scratch the surface of this varnish, one realizes that this is far from true.
Several questions arise:
1) How is the slowdown of 4 pumps caused an unstable state? What kind was it? Is having only 4 pumps running at full speed and 4 pumps weaker regime was insufficient to moderate and cool the heart with the bars removed moderation?
2) If this is so, why such a state was not expected? Yet it was perfectly predictable. It was not unusual to include such a thing. However, such a blunder was impossible, given the presence of many engineers and given the presence of more than likely a software expert warning of danger.
3) Why have lowered the control rods rather than having increased the power of the remaining pumps? Especially given the problem pieces of graphite control rods (known problem that Russian engineers). And if the problem was to get all the bars at the same time (known issue, so), why not have them down one after the other?
4) Why the downhill bars moderation he has not engendered the same kind of problem in power plants similar? Indeed, what seems to be a problem, not so much heat from the water, but the slow descent of graphite rod. If it passes the reactor for a few seconds to 300,000 MW, or 100 times the normal maximum, no matter how hot the water will be vaporized instantly.
What we actually said is that we put the reactor in a state where it was mandatory to run down all the bars in moderation, then, to stop the heart. Yeah, because if the lifting control rods required to put all the pumps at the bottom to avoid an accident, since we knew that stopping the turbine generator would slow to 4 pumps connected with its operation, remained only solution, lowering the bar for moderation.
From there, two possibilities. 1) is the increase in temperature of the water does not require the lowering of all the bars in moderation, and therefore did not require the shutdown of reactor. And in this case, one wonders why the operator has completed the shutdown of reactor. And we also wondered why there was explosion, since, as the water temperature does not require the shutdown of the reactor, it should not be hot enough to vaporize and cause the accident. Otherwise, it would have happened before in other central of this type or 2) it required the complete shutdown of the reactor (which was really not the purpose of the experiment). And in this case, one wonders why it took the reactor in this state, since it was perfectly predictable.
Obviously, if we could increase the flow instead of pumps to lower the control rods, one wonders why it has not been done.
We may also wonder why they did not anticipate that the slowdown of the pumps would occur and cause an unstable state. And why, then, they have not dropped a few control rods when they stopped the turbine, or why they did not increase the flow of remaining pumps (if possible, of course).
And before that, shortly before the establishment of the experiment, one might wonder why they did not come down rather few bars and had some moderation of pumps not operating at maximum, rather than riding all the bars and having all the pumps at most. It was a lot more sense. It would have allowed them, during the experiment, to have some leeway. Because they knew that some of the pumps was slow, it avoided a risk of overheating the water. Then we had time to start the generator relief to turn back the 4 pumps at the bottom. And at this point, we could trace all the control rods.
Moreover, one wonders how come there was no immediate replacement of the power of 4 pumps normally provided by the turbine of the plant, by the coming of emergency generators. This too should be expected. So they should not be surprised.
You might say that was the purpose of the experiment to determine what would happen in the event of loss of electrical power (due to the shutdown of the turbine generator) of certain elements vital for the plant. However, in this case, experience seems to experience the sorcerer's apprentice. It's like "we'll see how it feels if there is more energy to power pumps and backup systems. And if nothing happens before serious backup generators do start walking. " However, a priori, it is obvious that if we cut all that allows the plant to work properly, it will directly lead to a catastrophe. Or does the experience was not really that, but was to see if the emergency generator was working. In this case, he should have taken over immediately. And there was no downturn in 4 of 8 pumps.
And all this and more, ensuring that all cooling and calming the whole heart is provided by the pumps. We know that the pumps will reduce speed and we will not be able to accelerate before a few times. We know that they must be thoroughly to ensure proper cooling of the heart, and that any decrease could be a problem. But we did rest while cooling and calming the heart pumps. If we wanted to create an accident, you could not do better.
Moreover, France, cooling can be provided entirely by a single pump. So it seems very weird with 4 pumps still in full activity, and 4 pumps have only slowed, it has reached a critical situation.
In addition, the emergency stop may be used at other times. So that means that every time you press the button emergency stop while most of the control rod is withdrawn from the heart, you must obtain a Chernobyl-type accident.
All this is sewn white son. Whatever the situation possible, it is totally abnormal and led to think clearly about sabotage.
previous incidents in the day, causing an alleged contamination of the core Xenon, also lead to a finding of sabotage. There was there also no reason to get these incidents and therefore, the xenon poisoning. By cons, coincidentally, these incidents have served to justify the removal of several security measures that, thereafter, will be partly used to justify "the Accident" final. It
0:28, as the collapse of power of 500 MW to 30 MW has led to the deactivation of some automatic regulators to continue the experiment. So maybe we did it on purpose to have this power in order to collapse then override controls. Overriding controls that allow then to justify in part the "accident".
3) The liability transferred to the plant operators
Then, of course, as there was no reason that such a catastrophe happens, even if one party accuses the plant design, it puts the ultimate responsibility on the backs of the plant operators, who have taken the wrong decisions.
We do it based on an operator who would all of a sudden decided to get off the bars. But already he was not alone. So there would necessarily have been other operators who told him not to do so. And anyway, there's all that happened before, which makes the case for the incompetence of the operators very little credibility. And that makes it much more credible theory of sabotage voluntary.
That said, quickly, we operate a shift of analysis and is accused by the government is doing too which divides knowledge, which had put the plant manager by cronyism, that lack of means, technicians and engineers were poorly formed. In short, it is the fault not of chance, fate, the nature of things, etc. ... And there is no reason to make a very thorough investigation ... could hinder some people.
So we drown the fish.
4) A version likely, and those truly responsible
The version most likely is, therefore, that the Chernobyl disaster was due to sabotage. Incidents were created before the final catastrophe to remove automatic security measures. And the abolition of automatic security measures, added to the "error" of the technician who has lowered the bar all restraint at the same time then allowed to justify the disaster to the general public. On technicians, it is clear that a party should be part of the conspiracy.
As for the decision, it must come from the Russian government itself (and beyond, those who dominate global politics). The fact that the Government has made no investigation and did not mention the sabotage as a possible reason (while everything indicates that it is one) clearly indicates that the gun was his.
Why would the Russian government created this accident? Well, to give the final blow to the development of nuclear energy worldwide. These are not the Russians who specifically did it, but the clique that controls the government. And it worked. Nuclear power, which began to be strongly criticized, but whose supporters were still relatively strong, and whose public image was still fairly positive, has seen its development almost completely stopped in the world. There were Three Mile Island, which has already led to strong doubts about the safety of nuclear power, doubts relayed by environmental groups, Hollywood and the media. Chernobyl has come and deliver the coup de grace. It was the mega accident needed to kick off the development of nuclear power in the world. A bit like the attacks of September 11, 2001 were the pretext for the war in Iraq and the establishment totalitarian measures around the world (obviously attacks by the clique that runs the affairs of the world, not some poor Muslim terrorists armed with knives. But hey, given the number of sites on the subject, everyone knows that now. I did not come back).
Moreover, Gorbachev was the first sexton of Communist Russia, which has then under Yeltsin, the holdup of the oligarchs on the Russian economy. So things are all in the same direction. Gorbachev was an agent of those who dominate the political world. And to sabotage a nuclear plant to halt development of nuclear energy globally, for someone who was trying to liquidate the Soviet Russia was a really minor operation almost.
The fact that it was allowed to spread lies about the impact of the radioactive cloud of radioactivity in Europe shows that all European governments were in cahoots. Otherwise, it would have been easy to show how little impact it would result in, as I did in the previous section.
Finally, it is of course possible that none of this had to happen as not said officially, from near or far. After all, in the same kind, we know that there was no Boeing 757 flown by beginners who have flown 850 km / h at ground level, has completely engulfed in a window on the ground floor of the Pentagon, leaving only two or three pieces on the lawn before being completely annihilated by the flames, September 11, 2001. So, the outright lie is perfectly possible. Who knows if the uranium rods were not removed before the disaster, and we have not just blown the roof of the plant? Then, it was enough to show some pictures of the roof of the station with smoke escaping therefrom, a few films made by computer from the extension of the cloud in Europe, estimates peaks of radioactivity bidonnées, invented stories about the hundreds of thousands of workers took turns at the foot of the plant (that it might be true though. They did not need to lie specially above. But it can be as completely false). And since no one could check, and that in any way, such people would not have access to mass media, all this was as a letter in the mail. It is of course very possible that some plant operators who died shortly after the disaster, have been killed (by taking an overdose of drugs for example, or simply mixed with poison) so they do not speak. It was easy then to involve radioactivity as responsible for their deaths. Of course, this is only a hypothesis, but you never know.
